INTRODUCTION:
The winter dredge survey is the only bay-wide fishery independent effort to estimate the number of blue crabs living in the Chesapeake Bay. The winter dredge survey produces information that is essential for the management of the species, such as an estimate of the number of crabs over-wintering in the bay and the number of young crabs entering the population each year. Also calculated is the estimated number of females that could spawn within the year, which is an important indicator of future spawning potential. Estimating the total number of crabs living in the bay allows us to calculate the percentage of the crab population that is removed by harvest each year. If you are interested in harvest information for the Maryland Chesapeake Bay please go to mddnr.chesapeakebay.net/mdcomfish/crab/mdcomcrab.cfm. A pilot version of the winter dredge survey was first conducted in 1988 with the cooperation of the University of Maryland Chesapeake Biological Lab (CBL). In 1989 the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) joined the survey, and the two states continue to sample each winter from December through March.

WHERE WE SAMPLE:
Since 1994, the survey has been conducted according to a stratified random design (Rothschild and Sharov, 1996). The bay is divided into three regions or strata: Lower Bay (the mouth of the Chesapeake to Windmill Point, VA), Middle Bay (Windmill Point, VA to Cove Point, MD) and the Upper Bay/Tributaries (Cove Point to Pooles Island and all of the Bay's tributaries). Each year, a total of 1500 sites in waters deeper than 5 feet are randomly selected. The number of sites assigned in each region is proportional to its area.

HOW WE SAMPLE:
A six-foot-wide Virginia crab dredge fitted with a half inch nylon mesh liner is towed along the bottom for one minute at a speed of three knots. Latitude and longitude, measured with a Differential Global Positioning System (GPS), is recorded at the beginning and end of each tow to determine distance covered. This distance is multiplied by the dredge's width to calculate the area covered. Beginning and ending depth, water temperature, and salinity are recorded at each site.

All crabs collected at each site are measured and weighed. Crabs are measured from point to point across the top shell, or carapace. The sex of each crab is determined and maturity of females is noted.

As a final part of our survey, we do annual experiments to determine how well our dredge catches blue crabs. This is known as gear efficiency. For more information see: Volstad et al. 2000 and Sharov et al. 2001.

HOW AND WHY WE DETERMINE THE AGE OF CRABS:
We divide the male and female crabs into different categories based on age, size and maturity. Crabs that are smaller than 2.4 inches across the carapace are considered to be young-of-the-year crabs. These are the new arrivals to the bay, and will form the backbone of the recreational and commercial fisheries in the late summer or fall. Female crabs bigger than 2.4 inches across are the females that could spawn this year. The number of spawning females is related to the number of young crabs that can potentially be produced each year, and is an important indicator of the health of the stock. Combined, all crabs bigger than 2.4 inches are grouped together and considered to be the harvestable stock. These crabs will support the recreational and commercial fisheries through out the summer.

CALCULATING THE NUMBER OF CRABS:
The results of the winter dredge survey are reported as density of crabs. This is the average number of crabs we find within a 1,000 meter by 1,000 meter area (1,000 meter squared or 1000m2). The density of crabs for the different age categories is calculated each year. If you are interested in that information please click on this link to see a table of different age class densities for 1990 to 2012.

The figures below show the annual density since 1990 for important age categories as well as the densities of all age categories combined. The red line on each figure is the average density for that age group over the course of the survey.

• The density of juvenile crabs, those crabs smaller than 2.4 inches, increased dramatically in 2012 to the highest density observed since the survey began in 1990 (Figure 1).




• The density of harvestable crabs, those crabs bigger than 2.4 inches, increased in 2012 (Figure 2)



• The density of male crabs greater than 5 inches declined slightly in 2012 but has remained stable over the last three years (Figure 3).



• The density of females that could potentially spawn declined in 2012 (Figure 4).




• Overall in 2012 the density of all crabs combined increased to similar levels seen during the early years of the survey (Figure 5).

HOW MANY CRABS ARE ESTIMATED TO BE LIVING IN THE BAY?
Managers estimate abundance, the number of crabs estimated to be living in the Chesapeake bay, by multiplying the estimated density of all crabs by the area of the bay. Each year the overwintering mortality, those crabs that die in the winter, is estimated and abundance is adjusted for that loss.

In 2012 total crab abundance increased while juvenile abundance increased to the highest level seen in the survey.



From 2008 to 2011 the target abundance was based on the number of male and female spawning age crabs combined. In 2011 an update to the blue crab stock assessment recommended a new, female specific target and threshold that was adopted by Maryland, Virginia, and the Potomac River Fisheries Commission. The previous target of 200 million is shown to compare 2012 to previous years in the survey. In 2012 the abundance of spawning age crabs decreased, falling below the previous target of 200 million spawning age crabs for the first time since it was set in 2008.




The new target for healthy female abundance is 215 million spawning age females and the overfishing threshold is 70 million spawning age females.



The total estimated number of crabs living in the bay for each year of the suvrey is listed below: