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Last updated: 6/21/10
This literature review includes resources
which discuss blackbanded sunfish (Enneacanthus chaetodon).
Abstracts are included when available.
Ardnt, R.G. 2004. Annotated checklist and
distribution of New Jersey freshwater fishes, with comments on
abundance. Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Sciences
49:1–33.
Bock, B. 2001. The Black-banded Sunfish,
Fragile Jewel of the East. Potomac Valley Aquarium
Society, Delta Tale 33(2). Available online at
http://www.pvas.com/articles/bock-black-banded-sunfish.php
Breder, C.M., Jr. and A.C. Redmond. 1929.
The bluespotted sunfish. A contribution to the life history
and habits of ENNEACANTHUS with notes on other Lepominae.
Zoologica 9(10): 379-401.
Brown, B. L. and J. M. Epifanio. 2002.
Genetic assessment of blackbanded sunfish in Virginia.
Phase II completion report. Ecological Genetics Laboratory,
Virginia Commonwealth University. Available online at
http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/10434/inhsmiscv02002i00009_opt.pdf?sequence=2
Burkhead, N. M., and R. E. Jenkins. 1991.
Fishes. Pages 321-409 in K. Terwilliger (coordinator).
Virginia's Endangered Species: Proceedings of a Symposium.
McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company, Blacksburg,
Virginia.
Cooke, S. J. and D. P. Philipp (Eds.) 2009.
Enneacanthus chaetodon (Baird). Pages 394-396 in
Centrarchid Fishes: Diversity, Biology and Conservation.
Wiley-Blackwell,
Chichester, U.K.
Cooper, E. L. 1983. Fishes of Pennsylvania
and the northeastern United States. Pennsylvania State
Univ. Press, University Park. 243 pp.
Darden, T. L. 2008. Phylogenetic
Relationships and Historical Biogeography within the
Enneacanthus Sunfishes (Perciformes: Centrarchidae).
Copeia 2008(3):630-636.
The phylogenetic relationships within the
Centrarchid genus Enneacanthus and the role of regional
historical biogeography in their radiation was examined. Based
on complete mitochondrial (mt) control region sequences, E.
chaetodon is a monophyletic taxon that is sister to an ‘E.
gloriosus + E. obesus’ clade. However, the current data
indicate that E. gloriosus and E. obesus are not monophyletic
taxa and appear to demonstrate either incomplete lineage
sorting or a polyphyletic E. obesus. Based on molecular clock
divergence estimates, the hypothesis of Pleistocene glacial
cycles promoting speciation was not supported for either E.
chaetodon or E. gloriosus, but is supported in having been a
factor in the origins of E. obesus. Even though not a common
force in terms of speciation, the Pleistocene oscillations do
appear to have promoted subsequent diversification and
dispersal (range expansion) for all three of these species.
Gonzalez, R. and W. Dunson. 1989.
Differences in low pH tolerance among closely related sunfish
of the genus Enneacanthus. Environmental Biology of Fishes
26(4): 303-310.
Three closely related sunfish in the genus
Enneacanthus were examined to determine if differences existed
in their tolerance to low pH that could explain their
contrasting distributions. Na fluxes of E. obesus, E.
gloriosus , and E. chaetodon were measured during 12 h
exposure to pH 4.0 and 3.5 (all species), and 3.25 (former 2
species only). All experienced ionic disturbances upon acid
exposure resulting from inhibition of active Na influx and
stimulation of passive Na efflux, but E. gloriosus and E.
chaetodon experienced greater disturbances than E. obesus at
all pH's tested. The results show that there are marked
differences in low pH tolerance among closely related species
of Enneacanthus , which could affect their distributions and
competitive interactions.
Graham, J.H. 1993. Species diversity of
fishes in naturally acidic lakes in New Jersey.
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122:1043–1057.
Fish communities in acidic lakes of New
Jersey have fewer species than do those in more alkaline
lakes of comparable size. This conclusion is based on a
multiple regression analysis of published data on fish
communities, area, and pH in 85 lakes. Some interesting
patterns emerge, however, when species are partitioned into
introduced and native species. As expected, diversity of
introduced species declines with increasing acidity. The
number of native species in a particular lake, however, is
independent of pH (range of 4.1 to 9.1). Although diversity
of native species is not influenced by pH, species
composition changes. The lack of a significant relationship
between species diversity of native species and pH can be
attributed to the replacement of acid-intolerant species by
tolerant species. The smaller number of introduced species
in acidic lakes is attributable to both fewer species
stocked and a greater frequency of failure for those that
were stocked. Species introduction records for largemouth
bass Micropterus salmoides and bluegill Lepomis
macrochirus, which are not native to New Jersey, reveal
far more failed introductions in acidic waters than in
neutral or alkaline waters.
Graham, J. H. and R. W. Hastings. 1984.
Distributional patterns of sunfishes on the New Jersey coastal
plain. Environmental Biology of Fishes 10(3): 137-148.
Sunfishes of the genera Lepomis and
Enneacanthus are characteristic inhabitants of quiet waters on
the New Jersey coastal plain. In southern New Jersey, E.
chaetodon and E. obesus are now almost totally restricted to
the Pine Barrens region of the Outer Coastal Plain. In
contrast, E. gloriosus is widely distributed. Lepomis gibbosus
and L. macrochirus are also widespread, but have established
few populations in the more acidic waters of the Pine Barrens.
Factor analysis was used to determine underlying patterns of
distribution among these 5 species, using 6 habitat variables,
measured over 54 collection sites in New Jersey. Two general
factors account for 41% of the distributional variation.
Habitat variables most strongly associated with factor 1
suggest an underlying trophic gradient (dystrophy to eutrophy)
with its associated species. Factor 2 suggests an underlying
current-bottom gradient. The basis for the scarcity of Lepomis
spp. from acidic waters was explored by examining the
tolerance of recently hatched embryos to reduced pH. No
increase in mortality was observed at pH 4.25 for L. gibbosus
eleutheroembryos and pH 4.5 for L. macrochirus
eleutheroembryos. The two species appear to be poorly suited
to dystrophic habitats; young Lepomis are primarily
planktivores, a dietary niche that is conspicuously reduced in
dystrophic waters. Fish of the genus Enneacanthus glean
invertebrates on substrate or vegetation, a behavior well
suited for dystrophic habitats where most primary and
secondary production is associated with aquatic macrophytes
and substrate.
Graham, J.H. 1978. Factors affecting the
distribution of sunfishes (Centrarchidae) in southern New
Jersey. M.Sc.Thesis. Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ.
Hoedeman, J.J. 1974. Naturalists Guide to
Freshwater Aquarium Fish. Sterling Publishing Company, New
York, NY.
Jenkins, R. E., and N. M. Burkhead. 1994.
Freshwater fishes of Virginia. American Fisheries Society,
Bethesda, Maryland. xxiii + 1079 pp.
Jenkins, RE, Revelle, LA, and Zorach, T. 1975.
Records of the blackbanded sunfish, Enneacanthus chaetodon,
and comments on the southeastern Virginia freshwater
ichthyofauna. Virginia Journal of Science 26: 128-134.
The blackbanded sunfish, E.chaetodon, is
recorded for the 1st time in Virginia, from the inner Coastal
Plain of the Chowan system. Additional records, notably for
the Roanoke, Tar, and Neuse drainages of North Carolina,
supplement those of Sweeney (1972) from other parts of its
range. Some of the broad gaps in its overall distribution and
localization of populations probably relate to ecological
factors and prehistorical changes in sea level. The freshwater
ichthyofauna of southeastern Virginia contains {approx} 70 spp.
Ecological and physical barriers in the Chowan Fall Line zone
apparently are not as sharp or extensive, or so restricted to
that physiographic province, as in certain other Atlantic
slope drainages. Thus many spp typical of either the adjacent
Coastal Plain or the Piedmont provinces occur on both sides of
the Fall Line. The richness of the Chowan fauna (69 spp),
compared with that of the Dismal Swamp (25 spp), reflects in
part its greater age, closer proximity to richer faunal
sources, and access to a much greater diversity of habitat.
Kazyak, P.F., J.V. Kilian, S.A. Stranko, M.K.
Kurd, D.M. Boward, C.J. Millard, and A. Schenk. 2005. Maryland
Biological Stream Survey 2000–2004. Volume 9. Stream and
riverine biodiversity. Maryland Department of Natural
Resources, Publication DNR12-0305-0106. 489 pp.
Available online at
http://www.dnr.state.md.us/irc/docs/00007265.pdf
Kercher, D. M. 2001. Genetic Assessment of
Rare Blackbanded Sunfish (Enneacanthus Chaetodon) Populations
in Virginia. Virginia Commonwealth University : Masters of
Science thesis. Available online at
http://digarchive.library.vcu.edu/handle/10156/2019
Enneacanthus chaetodon, the blackbanded
sunfish, has become increasingly rare throughout its
distribution in the Eastern United States. In Virginia, E.
chaetodon maintains an endangered status and individuals
persist in six populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and
microsatellite data were assessed to determine the genetic
characters and gene diversity of the Virginia populations. The
results of these analyses were then compared to five
additional populations; four from New Jersey and one from
North Carolina that were known to have relatively good fitness
and were not impacted severely by habitat alteration. The
results of this study are relevant to selection of proper
management techniques and strategies for this species.
Mitochondrial DNA analyses detected no variation in the
Virginia populations but significant (P F > 0.2) of
inbreeding. The New Jersey and North Carolina populations
demonstrated lower amounts of inbreeding than populations in
Virginia. New Jersey displayed a significant (P < 0.05) amount
of subdivision among populations compared to Virginia.
Hypothesis testing supported the contention that the regions
are significantly different from one another and that Virginia
populations may have gone through one or more population
bottlenecks in the past, explaining the low levels of
diversity observed and significantly high inbreeding
coefficients. Captive breeding programs could be implemented
as a management measure to increase population numbers and
restore fish into areas where they have been known to inhabit
in the recent past. From a proper management perspective,
habitat protection and maintenance are more important than
supplementation to population survival. Success of either
approach with Virginia populations would provide a useful
model for managing small populations of blackbanded sunfish in
other regions.This project was supported by a grant from the
Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF),
grant #ED0817BB.
Kilian, J. V., S. A. Stranko, R. L. Raesly, A.
J. Becker, and P. Ciccotto. 2009. Enneacanthus chaetodon (Blackbanded
Sunfish): An Imperiled Element of Maryland's Coastal Plain
Ichthyofauna. Southeastern Naturalist 8(2):267-276.
In 2002 and 2006, we conducted a survey of
historical collection localities for Enneacanthus chaetodon (Blackbanded
Sunfish) in Maryland. Blackbanded Sunfish were detected at
only one of six historical localities. This locality consisted
of 17 quarry ponds, but the Blackbanded Sunfish was collected
in only three of these. These ponds were characterized by low
pH (<4.9), dense submerged and overhanging vegetation, and the
absence or low abundance of non-native piscivores. The acidic
nature of these ponds may provide refuge from predation for
Blackbanded Sunfish by limiting numbers of non-native
piscivores such as Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass) and
Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Black Crappie). As a result of the
surveys described herein, the Blackbanded Sunfish state status
in Maryland was elevated from Threatened to Endangered.
Lawler, S. 1989. Behavioural responses to
predators and predation risk in four species of larval anurans.
Animal Behaviour 38(6): 1039-1047.
Tadpoles of four anuran species show
interspecific behavioural differences that could explain
differential predation on these species in artificial ponds.
Replicated observations of tadpoles in aquaria revealed that
the spring peeper, Hyla crucifer , is quiescent and benthic;
Fowler's toad, Bufo woodhousei , is active and benthic; the
grey treefrog, Hyla versicolor , is active and pelagic; and
the Pine Barrens tree frog, Hyla andersonii , is intermediate
in activity and microhabitat position. Species with high
activity levels survived poorly in independent artificial pond
predation studies, relative to less active species. Costs of
low activity level may include poor competitive ability,
and/or slow development with increased risk of death from pond
drying. Comparisons of tadpole behaviour in aquaria with and
without predators present demonstrate that all four species
decrease activity with a salamander, the red-spotted newt,
Notophthalmus viridescens , and a fish, the black-banded
sunfish, Enneacanthus obesus.
Lee, D. S., C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E.
Jenkins, D. E. McAllister, and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980 et
seq. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. North
Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North
Carolina. i-x + 854 pp.
Available from the DNR Library (DNR employees only).
McIninch, S.P. 1994. The freshwater fishes
of Delmarva Peninsula. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of
Maryland, Eastern Shore., Princess Anne MD.
Monks, N. 2007. The Subtropical Aquarium: A
cooler kind of fishkeeping. Tropical
Fish Hobbyist 55(12): 110-117. Reprinted online at
http://www.wetwebmedia.com/FWSubWebIndex/subtroptks.htm
NatureServe.
2009. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life
[web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington,
Virginia. Available online at
http://www.natureserve.org/explorer
Nelson, J. S., E. J. Crossman, H.
Espinosa-Perez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, and
J. D. Williams. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes
from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American
Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland.
386 pp.
Page, L. M., and B. M. Burr. 1991. A field
guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico.
Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp.
Available from the DNR Library (DNR employees only).
Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program.
Blackbanded sunfish (Enneacanthus chaetodon).
Available online at
http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/factsheets/11393.pdf
Raesly, R.L. 1995. Status and distribution
of freshwater fishes along the western shore of the Chesapeake
Bay. Final Report submitted to Maryland Department of
Natural Resources, Maryland Natural Heritage Program,
Annapolis, MD.
Raesly, R.L. 1996. Status and distribution
of freshwater fishes along the western shore of the Chesapeake
Bay. Year 2. Final Report submitted to Maryland Department
of Natural Resources, Maryland Natural Heritage Program,
Annapolis, MD.
Resetarits, W.,Jr, and H. Wilbur, H. 1991.
Calling site choice by Hyla chrysoscelis : Effect of
predators, competitors, and oviposition sites. Ecology
72(3): 778-786.
The authors examined the effect of predators,
competitors, and conspecifics on the choice of calling sites
by male gray treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis , and the
correlations between choice of calling sites by males and
choice of oviposition sites by females. Male and female
treefrogs avoided pools containing conspecific tadpoles and
pools containing adult black-banded sunfish, Enneacanthus
chaetodon . Females also avoided pools containing larval
spotted salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum . Correspondence
between calling sites and oviposition sites was examined in
response to treatment, block (consisting of a location and a
time), and location. Correspondence between male choices and
female choices was weak. Both males and females chose sites
based on the species present, and both showed preferences in
regard to location and time. The differences between male and
female choices indicate that the potential choices have
different values to each sex, or that different criteria are
used to rank potential choices.
Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R.
Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991.
Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States
and Canada. American Fisheries Society, Special Publishing
20. 183 pp.
Scheinberg, A. 1968. The centrarchidae:
North Americas rival to the cichlids. Tropical Fish
Hobbyist 16(9):12, 84-89.
Schwartz, F.J. 1961. Food, age, growth, and morphology of
the blackbanded sunfish, Enneacanthus chaetodon, in Smithville
Pond, Maryland. Chesapeake Science 2:82-88.
Schwartz, F.J. 1964. Several Maryland fishes are close to
extinction. Maryland Conservationist 39(3):8-11.
Shute, J. R., P. W. Shute, and D. G.
Lindquist. 1981. Fishes of the Waccamaw River drainage.
Brimleyana (6):1-24.
Smith, RK, Pinder, MJ, Walter, KE. 2000.
Survey of distribution and assessment of habitat requirements
of blackbanded sunfish (Eneacanthus chaetodon) in Virginia.
Final report to Virginia Department of Game and Inland
Fisheries, Wildlife Diversity Division, Blacksburg, VA. 63 pp.
Smogor, R.A., P.L. Angermeier, S.A.
Bruenderman, R.T. Eades, G.C. Garman, M.D. Norman, M.J.Pinder,
R. Southwick, and T. F. Wilcox. 1999. Blackbanded sunfish (Enneacanthus
chaetodon) recovery plan for Virginia. Nongame and
Endangered Wildlife Program, Virginia Department of Game and
Inland Fisheries, Richmond, VA. 19pp.
Sternburg, J. G. 1986. Spawning the
Blackbanded Sunfish. American Currents. Available
online at
http://www.nanfa.org/articles/acbbanded.shtml
Sweeney, E.F. 1972. The systematics and
distribution of the centrarchid fish tribe Enneacanthini.
Ph.D. Dissertation. Boston University, Boston, MA.
Tate, W.B., and S.J. Walsh. 2005.
Distribution and ecological requirements of the Okefenokee
Pygmy Sunfish and the Blackbanded Sunfish in Florida.
Final report. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation
Commission, Tallahassee, FL.
Available online at
http://research.myfwc.com/publications/publication_info.asp?id=49824
Warren, M. L., Jr., B. M. Burr, S. J. Walsh,
H. L. Bart, Jr., R. C. Cashner, D. A. Etnier, B. J. Freeman,
B. R. Kuhajda, R. L. Mayden, H. W. Robison, S. T. Ross, and W.
C. Starnes. 2000. Diversity, distribution, and conservation
status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern United
States. Fisheries 25(10):7-31.
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